GNPs can be easily synthesized in the < 10 nm range and functionalized with various anticancer drugs 8, 9. Many nanoparticle drug carriers are available for chemotherapeutic drugs however, gold nanoparticle (GNP) drug carriers, in particular, have been proven advantageous due to their customizable size and shape, inertness, and low toxicity 7. Furthermore, external stimuli, such as ultrasound waves, can trigger chemotherapeutic drug release from nanoparticle drug carriers at the tumour site while sparing surrounding healthy tissue and organs at risk 3, 4, 5, 6. To overcome the toxicity issues present with conventional chemotherapy, chemotherapeutic drugs can be coupled with nanoparticle drug carriers to improve trial efficacy and safety, as nanoparticle drug carriers allow for protection from premature drug activation and accumulation at the tumour site via the enhanced permeability and retention effect 2, 3. In conventional chemotherapy, the non-specific nature of chemotherapeutic drugs can lead to side effects impairing quality of life and, in some cases, even lasting years after treatment 1. A finite element model was also developed to quantify the acoustic radiation force, believed to be the driving force of non-thermal DOX release inside the dialysis bag. DOX release was attributed to an anomalous diffusion release mechanism from the GNP surface. DOX release under LIPUS exposure was found to follow Korsmeyer–Peppas (K–P) kinetics, suggesting a shift from a Fickian (static) to a non-Fickian (dynamic) release profile with the addition of non-thermal interactions. Non-thermal mechanisms accounted for 40 ± 7% and 34 ± 5% of DOX release for 37.0 ☌ and 43.4 ☌ trials, respectively. Contributions of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of LIPUS-triggered DOX release were also quantified. A novel dialysis membrane setup was designed to quantify DOX release from LIPUS-activated GNPs at 37.0 ☌ and 43.4 ☌ (hyperthermia temperature range). Here, we present a release kinetics study of DOX from GNPs under ultrasound exposure for the first time. However, the specific release kinetics of ultrasound-triggered DOX release from GNPs is not known. In the previous work, our group achieved doxorubicin (DOX) release from the surface of GNPS under low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) exposure. Therapeutic ultrasound can be used to trigger the on-demand release of chemotherapeutic drugs from gold nanoparticles (GNPs).
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